Engineered wood

Engineered wood, also called composite wood, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding together wood strands, fibers, or veneers with adhesives to form composite materials. These products are engineered to precise design specifications which are tested to meet national or international standards.

Types

Engineered wood products include plywood, masonite, medium density fiberboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard, glued laminated timber (glulam), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and I-joist. Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber. Sawmill scraps can be used. Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar engineered cellulose products from other lignin-containing materials such as rye straw, wheat straw, hemp stalks, or sugar cane residue, in which case they contain no actual wood but rather so-called vegetable fibers.

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Characteristics

Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often similarly to solid wood (lumber). Engineered wood products are preferred over solid wood in many applications due to a certain comparative advantages:

Because engineered wood is man-made, it can be designed to meet application-specific performance requirements.
Large panels of engineered wood may be constructed from small trees.
Engineered wood products are often stronger and less prone to humidity-induced warping than equivalent solid woods.
Engineered wood products are more expensive to produce than solid lumber in terms of time, money, and energy, but enjoy economic advantages when manufactured in large sizes due to the rarity of trees suitable for cutting large solid-wood panels.

Although engineered wood products use the resource of wood efficiently and therefore promote natural-resource conservation, the required adhesives may be toxic.

Adhesives types

Adhesives types are of approximately 4:

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1) Urea-formaldehyde resins, (UF), most common and cheapest, not waterproof 2) Phenol-formaldehyde resins, (PF), a yellow-brown adhesive commonly used for exterior exposure products 3) Melamine-formaldehyde resin, (MF) a white, heat & water resistant resin, often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs 4) MDI or urethane resins which are expensive and generally waterproof but are formaldehyde free

Fiberboard

Fiberboard is a type of engineered wood product that is made out of wood fibers. Types of fiberboard in order of increasing density include particle board, medium-density fiberboard and hardboard, also called high-density fiberboard. Fiberboard is sometimes used as a synonym for particle board, but particle board usually refers to low-density fiberboard. Plywood is not a type of fiberboard, as it is made of thin sheets of wood, not wood fibers or particles. Fiberboard, particularly medium-density fiberboard, is heavily used in the furniture industry. For pieces that will be visible, a veneer of wood is often glued onto fiberboard to give it the appearance of conventional wood.

Glued laminated timber

Glued laminated timber, also called glue-lamintated beams or Glulam, is a structural timber product composed of several layers of dimensioned lumber glued together. By laminating several smaller pieces of wood, a single large, strong, structural member can be manufactured from timber of a limited dimension. These structural members are used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, often in curved, arching shapes.

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Individual structural members are often connected with timber rivets. A timber rivet is a high strength fastener which resembles a nail but has a flattened oval shank with a wedge shaped head. The rivet is driven through pre-drilled holes in a steel side plate until the tapered head is wedged into the hole. Timber rivets have numerous advantages over other fasteners such as bolts and shear plates. They permit a greater load transfer per unit contact area than any other fastener, resulting in substantial saving in the size of steel side plates.

Glulams, like other engineered wood products, represent an efficient use of available timber. With an increased demand for lumber worldwide, the amount of solid timber available has steadily declined. Glulam structural members thus makes use of smaller and less desirable dimensions of timber, yet are engineered to be stronger than similarly sized members comprised of solid wood.

Hardboard

Hardboard, also called high-density fiberboard, is a type of fiberboard, which is an engineered wood product. It is similar to particle board and medium-density fiberboard, but is much harder and denser because it is made out of exploded wood fibers that have been highly compressed. It is sometimes referred to as masonite because that was the first brand.

Unlike solid wood, it is very homogeneous with no grain. However, a wood veneer can be glued onto it to give the appearance of solid wood. Other overlays include Formica and vinyl. It has many uses, such as a substrate, but unlike plywood and solid wood, it has no structural strength to speak of. It is used in construction, furniture, appliances, automobiles and cabinetry.

Hardboard is produced in either a wet or dry process, which produce a panel called S1S or S2S respectively. The wet process only leaves one smooth side, but dry processed hardboard is smooth on both sides. Like other types of fiberboard, hardboard is susceptible to moisture damage and is generally not used outside. Tempered hardboard is made by adding an oil that becomes a polymer when the board is formed under high temperature and pressure. This gives it more water resistance, hardness, rigidity and tensile strength. It is used in construction siding.

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Hardboard was invented by Daniel Manson Sutherland in 1898, at Sunbury Common in Spelthorne near London. He formed the Patent Impermeable Millboard Company to market and develop his invention.

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Heartwood and sapwood

Plywood, Masonite and fiberboard

Oriented strand and Particle board